A turnaround in Russian oil output began in 1999, which many analysts attribute to the privatization of the industry. Large natural gas reserves discovered in Siberia and the Ural and Volga regions in the 1970s and 1980s enabled the Soviet Union to become a major gas producer. 3. Answer: (i) The disintegration of Soviet Union meant the end of Cold War confrontations which demanded the end of armed race and restoration of possible peace. The USGS estimate of Russia's undiscovered oil is 22 billion barrels, second in the world only to those of Iraq.[10]. 9. 3. and Samuelson, who extol the virtues of markets for organizing an economy. US Energy Information Administration, International statistics, accessed 1 Dec. 2013. In Dec 1991, under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus declared themselves independent. Russia. [5] It is also the main transit country for oil from Kazakhstan. What was Soviet system? Azerbaijan, the oldest known oil producing region in the world, experienced an oil boom at the beginning of the 20th century and later served as a major refining centre in the former Soviet Union. Economic: Just before Soviet oil production peaked in 1988 (the event walked hand in hand with a major drop in oil prices), the empire realized that it no longer had enough black gold to pay its bills. “India and the USSR enjoyed mutual dimensional relationship.” Justify the statement. Mention the methods of‘Shock Therapy’ amongst the former Second World countries. Oil and Natural Gas Reserves. With a post-Soviet Union record of 11.3 million barrels of oil produced per day in 2018, Russia is the world’s second largest oil producer, only behind the United States (Clemente, 2019). People locked democracy and were snatched away their right to freedom of speech and expression. 1. The Soviet system, however, became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens. 2. 3. Answer: During the Cold War era India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship which made critics to say that India was part of the Soviet camp. This situation was also highly beneficial for the USSR, which increased its oil and natural gas … He explained that the projected volume of gas that will flow to China, starting in 2025 or 2026 is going to be 38 billion cubic metres per year, which is pretty close to the annual exports to the former Soviet Union. ... Pertamina adding renewable fuels production at two refineries. 1. What was Shock Therapy? By Heede's calculation, government-run oil and coal companies in the former Soviet Union produced more greenhouse gas emissions than any other … 3. Though wages continued to grow but productivity and technology fell considerably behind that of the West. Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled people who often expressed their dissent in jokes and cartoons. Multipolar system was surpassed to exist where no single power could dominate and a group of countries could play a crucial role in world politics like NAM Countries. The oil and gas in the "transit countries" of the former USSR / 31 Arkadiusz Sarna Chapter 4. 4. Mention the causes of Soviet disintegration. 7. (c) After 1991, Yugoslavia broke \ apart with several provinces like Croatia, Slovania, Bosnia and Herzegovina declaring independence. 2. Answer: 1. Turkmenistan (4) and Uzbekistan (5). Which incidents resulted into inter-ethnic civil war? Russia is by far the world's largest natural gas exporter. Some sections of Soviet Society felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were disappointed and impatient with him. The positive outlook for the Former Soviet Union comes on the back of an incredibly productive year for Russia. Russian exports consist of more than 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m3/d) of oil and nearly 2 Mbbl/d (320,000 m3/d) of refined products, which go mainly to the European market. A separate Soviet gas industry was created in 1943. Identify two major oil and gas producers of Soviet Union. Russia does not be - long to the cartel, and during the last two years, when international oil prices remained high, it continued to substantially increase both the pr o-duction levels and exports. Ukraine (7) and Belarus (8). Answer: Disintegration of the USSR gave birth to Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) when under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin Russia, Ukraine and Belarus declared themselves as independent and gave a surprise to other republics especially to central Asian Republics. information and technological revolutions. Yugoslavia (6). Several months after President Donald Trump was inaugurated in January 2017, SMW Partners was hired to lobby the White House on behalf of two high-profile clients from the former Soviet Union… (e) Berlin wall. Answer: 1. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of society into poverty and it emerged mafia to start controlling many economic activities. Even other countries have also gained due to crossing of pipelines from their region and they have been paid a rent. (c) party dominated the (a) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979) (b) A large number of Indian writers and artists visited the USSR. Cultural: (a) End of the ideological war between the US and USSR Russia and India share a vision of multipolar world order i.e. (b) was the military alliance 2. The 8-year effort of Western capital, technology, and diplomacy had aimed to … 2. Oil and Natural Gas Production. Answer: Soviet Union ensured a minimum standard of living for all its citizens. The end of the Soviet Union, in other words, was more an admixture of Tsarist-rooted “economic backwardness,” population centers far removed from oil and gas sources, “the inherent contradictions of the Soviet system,” and fluctuations in global oil prices than of Reagan-era pressures. Answer: I. In addition to having the world's largest proven reserves of natural gas, according to US Geological Survey estimations, Russia is also likely to have the world's largest volume of still-undiscovered natural gas: a mean probable volume of 6.7 trillion cubic meters. 6. Decrease in production of oil and natural gas, diminish in GDP growth rate also affected the share of oil sector in GDP. By far the largest increase in oil reserves occurred in Canada, with oil reserves falling in all other FRS regions, most notable the Former Soviet Union, except the U.S. Onshore and Offshore. Rosneft will become Russia’s leading oil producer in 2007, Country Analysis: Russia's Oil and Natural Gas, "Major Russian Companies: Some Details" (1995-1996), "Russia: the new oil giant. When Gorbachev carried out his reforms and loosened the system, he set in motion forces and expectations that few could have predicted and became virtually impossible to control. 2. Which republic dominated in the USSR? Russia and India have collaborated on various scientific projects also. The value of Ruble, the Russian ’ currency declined. 4. Satellites of the Soviet Union also went into energy descent. The motion of liberal democracy emerged as a way to organise political life. Name various provinces with which Yugoslavia had been broken in 1991? Political: Yet their theories for how great markets organize an economy contrast sharply with the planned economies of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR) and the Soviet East. Explain six factors which helped Soviet Union becoming superpower after Second World War. (d) There are still movements against the existing regimes in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia. 5. West Siberia is considered to be the biggest producing areas of the future. 1. The domestic demand in 2005 was 2.6 Mbbl/d (410,000 m3/d) on average. Answer: (d) Crises in the Middle East, 4. 1. Few would disagree in … 1. 2. Sources indicating Russia to have the largest proven reserves include the US CIA (47.6 trillion cubic meters),[6] the US Energy Information Administration (47.8 tcm),[7] and OPEC (48.7 tcm). The value of ‘ruble’, the Russian currency, declined dramatically due to high rate of inflation and real GDP of Russia also declined between 1989 to 1999. These are situated in the 7 main basins: Volga-Ural, W. Siberia, middle Caspian, S. Caspian, Karakum, Dnieper-Donets, and Timano-Pechorsky. (c) The Soviet Union accepted Indian currency for trade when India was short of foreign exchange. ... Russia (with the assistance of other FSU countries) is now a major exporter of natural gas to Europe. NCERT SolutionsHistoryPolitical ScienceSociologyPsychologyHumanities. members of Commonwealth of Independent States. Gas exploration, development, and distribution were centralized in the Ministry of Gas Industry, which was created in 1965. “We have partially replaced the fall in oil drilling with drilling for gas producers,” he said. State ownership was the dominant owned and controlled by the Soviet state. 2. The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. (b) It gave aid and technical assistance for steel plants like Bhilai, Bokaro, Vishakhapatnam and machinery plants like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. At the end of 2008, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted a rule that made substantial changes in the ways oil (crude oil and natural gas liquids) and natural gas reserves are accounted for in the financial reporting subject to its jurisdiction. (a) The only ruling Communist Party was not accountable despite its rule of 70 years. The Caspian Sea region has become a central focal point for untapped oil and natural gas resources from the southern portion of the former Soviet Union. 3. Although, on paper, Russia was only one of the fifteen republics then together constituted the USSR in reality Russia dominated everything, and people from other regions felt neglected and often suppressed. Gazprom pursues the strategy of producing gas in the volumes adjusted by demand. Of these, nine are planned and the remaining two are announced sites. Gas exploration, development, and distribution were centralized in the Ministry of Gas Industry, which was created in 1965. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Central Asia kept many of its connections to Russia. 2. (b) In Azerbaijan’s provinces of Nagorno-Karobakh, some local Armenians want to secede and join Armenia. Russia has started some manufacturing units also to revive its economy. 2. The Soviet Union had been exporting oil and gas to Europe since the late 1950s, forging ties with companies such as Italy’s ENI that are still relevant today.1 The US strongly disapproved of these relationships on strategic Over the past six years, shale gas and hydraulic fracturing of hard-to-reach crude oil have delivered a wholly unforeseen era of cheap energy in the U.S., sending domestic crude production … Russia produced an average of 10.83 million barrels (1,722,000 m3) of oil per day in December 2015. 3. 5. (a) Hindi films and Indian culture were popular in the Soviet Union. 4. 1. What sot of conflicts had occurred in Soviet Republics? Figure 1 - Former Soviet Union oil production and price of oil, in $2010, based on BP data. 4. The international companies British Petroleum, Exxon, Shell, Mobil and Texaco, owned together 66% of German Ruhrgas. Given these headwinds, oil production stopped rising, and by 1988, began to fall. 2. Shock therapy involved a drastic change in the external orientation. second only to Saudi Arabia in oil production, the US has viewed Russian energy mainly through the prism of larger strategic considerations, such as competition for influence in the Caspian region, or a Russian threat to the independence of Ukraine. This led to shortage of consumer goods and increased food import every year. There is no doubt that the fundamental changes taking place in the political and economic fabric of the Soviet Union have presented international com-panies, particularly oil companies, with many opportunities for investment The Soviet Union needs capital, and certain technologies to help it further develop its oil and gas industry. 5. The economy was planned and controlled by the state only. 2. Write a note on tension and conflicts that occurred in Russia. Mention the role of Boris Yeltsin in the disintegration of the USSR. 2. 13. Drilling Down. Russia’s major oil producers have so far declined to comment on their output targets for next year. members of Commonwealth of Independent States. According to the company’s latest report*, the two other key planned projects in the FSU region are in Kazakhstan, led by the colossal Kashagan crude oil project, which is … 1. Write anote onformationof Commonwealth of Independent States. 12. World Bank and IMF became powerful advisors due to their economic support to these countries during transitional period. Comment. 1. 4. 9. In the West, we have great economic Nobel laureates such as Hayek, Solow, Freidman. Boris Yeltsin took the command during these events as he got popular support of people in the elections and began to shake off centralised control. More than 80 bilateral agreements have been experienced between India and Russia as a part of the Indo- Russia Strategic Agreement of 2001. This was not the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism due to following drawbacks: 1. 3. Czechoslovakia split into two with Czechs and Slovaks. It has a monopoly on gas pipelines in Russia. Answer: (c) People enjoyed economic freedom. (a) India received military hardware from Soviet Union. What was Soviet system? 2. 4. 2. Due to slow and stifling administration, the inability of system to correct mistakes lost popular support. Oil production peaked at about 500,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) during World War II, then fell significantly after the 1950s as the Soviet Union redirected resources elsewhere. Answer: Russia revived its economy in 2000 by the export of natural resources like oil, natural gas and minerals. The Central Asian countries took the advantage of their geographical location and continued close ties with Russia, West, China and others. Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] Match the following: started by the USSR. Answer: The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic Republic (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Ukraine, Georgia and others proved to be the most immediate cause for disintegration of the USSR. Ethnic Serbs opposed this, and a massacre of non-Serb Bosnians followed. To loosen the administrative system which exempted ordinary people from the privileges. Russia - Russia - Economy: The Russian republic, by virtue of its great size and abundant natural resources, played a leading role in the economy of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union became the world's leading producer of oil, coal, iron ore and cement; manganese, gold, natural gas and other minerals were also of major importance. In this tug of war, Gorbachev lost support on all sides and divided public opinion with the disillusionment of inadequate dependence. 1. Indeed, as Rehschuh states unequivocally, “the oil-rich Soviet Union would have been better off pursuing conventional investments in oil extraction” than in coal processing and “constantly changing investment allocation decisions” that focused on refining for export over exploration and production (52-3). Which among the following statements that describe the nature of Soviet economy is wrong? He was forced to initiate the reforms in the USSR due to following reasons: 3 (1992): 703-731. 2. The WARSAW PACT, a military alliance held them together and the USSR was the leader of the bloc. 4. 1. Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev. The Company's strategic gas production regions for the long term include the YamalPeninsula, Eastern Siberia, the Far East, and the Russian continental shelf. The Gazprom Group's major activities abroad include hydrocarbon prospecting and exploration, participation in a number of oil and gas projects in the production phase, and well construction services. Exploration for Oil in the Soviet Union: Special Problems Facing Western Companies Michael R. Smith Sun International Exploration and Production Company, Sun Oil House, 80 Hammersmith Road, London W14 8YS. 3. Turkmenistan (4) and Uzbekistan (5). The Communist Party of Soviet Union had ruled for over 70 years but it was not accountable to people. To keep the USSR abreast of information and technological revolutions at par the West. Answer: Soviet system was introduced after Socialist Revolution in Russia in 1917. With reference to Shock Therapy, justify the statement. The GDP of Russia also declined between 1989 to 1999. 1. In Eastern Europe which republic split into two? (b) Moscow’s method to deal with Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings led to many human rights violation but for deter aspirations for independence. 4. (c) Change in the balance of power in the world order A multipolar world could also exist where no other power could dominate or the group of countries could participate in the international affairs. His foray into the former Soviet Union and Iraq proved to be expensive failures. Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia. Its four features can be summed up in the following ways: Natural gas. It created “the largest garage sale in history” which led virtual disappearance of entire industries for the restructuring was carried out by market forces in place of government owned policies. SUMMARY The Soviet Union, including its Republics and Autonomous Regions, although remaining the world's largest oil and gas producer, is seeking the co-operation of the international oil … 7. (c) Indian heroes from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachhan are household names in Russia. Russia (3). Introduction The Influence of Natural Resources on Economic Development: a Brief Review of Theories and the Problems of Applying Them to the Case of the USSR Discovering Oil From Azerbaijan to Western Siberia Estimates of the Russian Economy’s Resource Rent in the Soviet Period Energy Efficiency of the Soviet Economy as an Indicator of Weakening of Energy Preservation Incentives Oil and Gas in Soviet Foreign … Soviet system was bureaucratic and (d) Every aspect of the economy was planned and contained by the state. However, the Soviet Union became a leading producer and exporter of petroleum and natural gas in the 1960’s. The first is the US shale revolution, which transformed the US from a major importer of oil and gas to a significant exporter; the second is the leveraging by Russia of its gas exports to compel former members of the Soviet Union to stay within its sphere of influence and to embrace China into an energy partnership (“Russia needs markets; China needs energy”); the third is China’s assertion of its … 3. 3. It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars to make themselves self-dependent. 3. Filed Under: CBSE Tagged With: CBSE 12 Political Science, CBSE 12 Political Science The End of Bipolarity. Lack of productivity and technology created shortage of food which increased food imports every year. 6. The Soviet system ensured a minimum standard of living for its citizens. To bring Soviet economy at par with the west. To loosen the administrative system. 4. 4. Consequently Government subsidised basic necessities including health, education, children and other welfare schemes. Why did Gorbachev’s reform policy fail in spite of his accurate diagnosis of the problem? 10. 2. Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks] 4. 2. The last time Russia had to deliberately close down a large swathe of its wells was more than 75 yea 5. Answe: The following factors helped Soviet Union becoming superpower after Second World War: Our domestic oil and gas experience includes representing mineral owners and their families in negotiations, drafting all types of oil and gas agreements and contracts, and assisting clients in title matters. (c) Disintegration of Soviet Union, 3. Soviet economy experienced a complex communication network, vast energy resources and an efficient transport sector to connect its remotest areas. government and Soviet control. 5. 2. Russia is responsible for 25 key crude and natural gas projects expected to commence operations by 2025, dominating the Former Soviet Union’s (FSU) oil and gas production, says research and consulting firm GlobalData.. 4. members of Commonwealth of Independent States. the end of the Cold War. This transformation system was influenced by the world bank and the IMF in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe. Fill in the blanks: Czechoslovakia Czechs (1) and Slovakia(2). 3. 2. [8] However, BP credits Russia with only 31.3 tcm as of 1 January 2014,[9] which would place it in second place, slightly behind Iran (33.1 to 33.8 tcm, depending on the source). 4. Answer: 1. Answer: It is not completely clear whether the pursuit of Russian foreign policy objectives is the primary explanation for the actions of its energy firms. Most dominating republic of Soviet Union. 2006 Edition, Table 3.2 Natural gas proven reserves by country, An Estimate of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the World, LUKoil to lose the lead soon. The centralisation of authority in > vast land. based on ideology. 2. In 1972, the Ba’ath Party nationalized the Iraq Petroleum Company and the Vice President of Iraq (Saddam Hussein) negotiated a trade agreement and a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union to soften the anticipated loss of revenue. This article considers the significance of Azerbaijani oil in three major battles of World War II: the battles of Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk. "Western Opportunities for Investment in the Oil Industry of the Former Soviet Union." Gorbachev’s Reform Policies: What does CIS stand for? Answer: November 1989. Though it varies in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar. 3. Soviet economy concentrated on the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe especially in the five central Asian Republics. What was the immediate cause of disintegration of USSR? authoritarian making life difficult for citizens. What is the new name of former USSR? 8. Ordinary people had been alienated and were exempted from enjoying the privileges and to participate actively in political affairs. 3. (c) In Georgia, the demand for independence came from two provinces resulting in a civil war. 4. Read the following passage (NCERT Textbook, page 18) carefully and answer the questions: “With the disintegration of the second world, India should change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with the US rather than with traditional friends like Russia”. Soviet oil production dropped an astounding 50 per cent between 1988 and 1995 from 12 million barrels to seven million barrels. In Central Asia: The oil and gas production of the Soviet Union comes from over 1,000 hydrocarbon deposits. UK. Fuel supply chaos At the start of the Great Patriotic War, as it was known in the Soviet Union, there was a good supply of fuel, but no well-defined strategy for its storage and supply to the combat army. Co-operation with Russia and its republics like Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan in the form of partnership and investment in oil fields has also benefitted India. Mention some features of Soviet Society. 1. NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2, Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. (d) initiated the reforms (Under Putin it has returned to 10-million barrels.) Answer: 1. However, a close comparison of the Soviet Union and the world suggests that the world will not suddenly have an increase in oil … “During the Cold War era India and the USSR enjoyed a special relationship which made critics to say that India was part of Soviet camp”. A republic of Eastern Europe split into two independent countries peacefully. “Gazprom is exporting 200 billion cubic metres per year to the European Union and Turkey, what Gazprom is calling the far abroad. Answer: Russia (3). 4. (e) The fall of the symbolised 3. Mention any two characteristics of Soviet Political System. Soviet Union industries produced every domestic product from pin to cars, whose quality might not match with that of the west technology. European countries are the main consumers of Russian petroleum, yet in the future, Russia may strengthen its role in such markets as … Power began to shift from centre to the republics which declared themselves independent. Who took the command during these events? of several provinces independently following a massacre of non-serb Bosnians. (a) Socialism was the dominant ideology. Beginning in May 2005, oil from the southern sections of the Caspian Sea began pumping through a new pipeline (built by a BP-led consortium) to the Turkish seaport of Ceyhan. Name the republic/place where severe conflict took place. 6. Uzbekistan’s Gazli II and Russia’s Stepnovskoe II are the largest upcoming gas storage sites in the region, with respective capacities of 247 bcf and 199 bcf by 2024.” 3. 6). 9. Who was Gorbachev? The biggest Russian oil company is Rosneft followed by Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Neft and Tatneft. 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